Hungary's rich history is characterized by its unique position in Central Europe, bridging diverse cultures and enduring various political transformations from ancient origins to a modern nation-state. Early Foundations and Christian Kingdom The region now known as Hungary was inhabited by various tribes before the arrival of the Magyar tribes in the late 9th century. Under the leadership of Árpád, the Magyars settled in the Carpathian Basin, and the foundation of Hungary as a state was solidified with the crowning of King Stephen I in 1000 AD, who established Hungary as a Christian kingdom. Medieval Flourishing and Challenges Hungary enjoyed periods of growth and influence during the medieval era, successfully fending off invasions and expanding its territories. However, the devastating Mongol invasion in 1241 led to significant destruction. Recovery was followed by a golden age under kings like Louis the Great. Ottoman Occupation and Habsburg Rule The defeat at the Battle of Mohács in 1526 against the Ottoman Turks marked the beginning of over a century of division and conflict. Hungary was split into parts controlled by the Ottomans and the Habsburgs, the latter eventually consolidating control and integrating Hungary into the Austro-Hungarian Empire by the 17th century.